The RGD peptide is well-known to target v3 integrin receptors overexpressed on several cancer cell lines. Under irradiation, the temperature of all cell pellets increased in the first minute of irradiation and then leveled off at 39, 44, and 52C for control cells, nano-rGO-RAD-treated cells, and nano-rGO-RGD-targeted cells, respectively. In the absence of any NIR irradiation, nano-rGO exhibited little toxicity in vitro at concentrations well above the doses needed for photothermal heating. 0 However, for CEMs, the initial properties can be restored after the chemical cleaning step, as reported in the study by Haddad, Mikhaylin, Bazinet, Savadogo, and Paris (2017b). 29 0 obj<> endobj The first example resembled a miniemulsion process and used a PS latex allowed to swell with styrene and an oil-soluble, TEMPO-based alkoxyamine.434 Although the polymerization proceeded at 125C with some control/livingness, PDIs were around 1.5 due to thermal initiation of styrene. A. Bragg, B. Panchapakesan, in Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine, 2015. Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate products are widely used. Apototic hallmarks such as DNA fragmentation, activation of caspases and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in cancer cells subjected to photothermal treatment. 0000001776 00000 n The transition temperature of the lipids was higher in ChCl:U compared to water and this effect was further explored in subsequent work (Bryant et al., 2017). Schematic representation for the mechanism of melamine detection in milk products using gold nanoparticles and visual color changes from red to blue in the presence of 1ppm melamine (Kumar et al., 2014). KB\%2SWz9~9oa"_+g,QVW"1h[KcNBP6%H18Vr=9|Z |U\Pz{Y> K *xUk>Vy>>6eM In ChCl:U, the micelles tended to be elongated in contrast to ChCl:Gly where they were globular. The toxicity of NGS-PEG was studied. They also have carboxylic acid, carbonyl and other epoxy groups decorated on the graphene sheets. Investigations into other types of surfactants in DES are more limited. IEMs are sensitive to some cleaning agents and inappropriate chemical cleaning processes can generate other undesirable contamination. Nanocrystals based on graphene could also advance photomedicine. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Further characterization in ChCl:U/water mixtures (5, 15, and 50wt%) showed that the CAC, measured by pyrene fluorescence, decreased with increasing water content to well below that of SDS in water. However, cleaning agents and their concentration are essential because some cleaning agents can affect membrane selectivity and integrity. While some of the cells retained their size or became slightly larger, with irregular shape and indistinct contours, others were smaller, round and detached from the culture well surface presumably corresponding to necrotic and apoptotic cells, respectively. As control, mice injected with PEG-Cy7 or free Cy7 solutions at the same dye concentrations were also imaged, which showed rapid decrease of fluorescent signals. It is better to clean granular fouling on natural fibers. Au NPs aggregate upon interaction with specific proteins due to the different electrostatic properties of DNA, which results in different surface plasmon resonance. In these studies, Au NPs in sizes of 320nm were used in different samples, such as pork and horsemeat adulteration in beef burger and chicken meatballs, and monitoring chicken tissue in meats and meat products, with the detection limits of 12.3fg/L to 230g/L (Subara & Jaswir, 2018). The resulting particles were pH-sensitive; at pH>7, the shell was a stretched polyelectrolyte brush that effectively stabilized the particles, whereas, at pH=4, the hairy layer collapsed onto the particle surface, resulting in unstable particles.306, This approach was further extended to P(MAA-co-S)-SG1 macroalkoxyamines employed for the emulsion copolymerization of MMA with a low percentage of styrene at temperatures below 90C.348 Fast polymerizations led to well-controlled polymers and high initiating efficiencies due to the high dissociation rate constant of the macroalkoxyamines. A significant breakthrough has been witnessed with the use of water-soluble, SG1-based alkoxyamines (Figure 16) via a simple two-step emulsion process, as reported by Charleux and Nicolas402 and Nicolas et al.435 The first step consisted in the synthesis of low solids content seed latexes containing living PnBA oligomers by ab initio batch emulsion polymerization under microemulsion-like conditions from alkoxyamine 72,402 hence preventing the formation of large droplets of monomer. 0000047779 00000 n As discussed for SDS in ChCl:U, the Gordon parameter estimates the cohesive energy density, and in general a higher Gordon parameter is related to a greater phase diversity. And they gathered on the oil/water boundary. With K2S2O8/Na2S2O5 and SG1 at 90C, the polymerization exhibited a rather good control even though a few percent of coagulum was noticed.415. As the alkyl chain length of the DES increased, the lipid transition temperature also increased, due to increased nanostructure in the DES which makes it harder for the lipids to swell. One-pot synthesis of magnetic graphene nanocomposites decorated with, Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, Nanotube- and graphene-based photomedicine for cancer therapeutics, Applications of Nanoscience in Photomedicine, Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated graphene sheets exposed to NIR radiation generated more heat than DNA or, Nanoparticles/nanofibers for checking adulteration/spoilage of food products, Rao, Richt, & Hsieh, 2016; von Bargen, Dojahn, Waidelich, Humpf, & Brockmeyer, 2013, Garrido-Maestu et al., 2017; Kong et al., 2018; Uusitalo et al., 2017, Karuppuswami, Matta, Alocilja, & Chahal, 2018, Sanchez-Fernandez, Hammond, et al. The accumulation of static charges affects our life or industrial production. The detection limit was reported to be 31013mol/L (Du, Wang, & Zhang, 2015). They also have unique optical and electromagnetic properties that make them widely used to enhance sensor sensitivity (Yang, Kostov, Bruck, & Rasooly, 2009). 0000004108 00000 n It can be also extended to be served as a test paper (Gao, Huang, & Wu, 2018). The branched chain structure has small biodegradability. Adding water to ChCl:MA caused a decrease in the CMC, even below the CMC in pure water. The nature of membrane foulants as well as the physicochemical properties of IEMs should be taken into account for choosing appropriate cleaning agents and conditions. Synthesis of the living seed latex (a) followed by its chain extension after one shot or continuous addition of monomer (b). As a kind of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate has good surface activity and strong hydrophilicity. Reduced graphene oxide has defects and these defects could be functionalized with proteins, antibodies, and peptides. In conclusion, IEM contamination during the EDPM process is mainly caused by electrostatic interactions between the charged membrane surface and charged molecules. 0000005118 00000 n In one study, Au NPs were used to measure the amount of histamine and histidine in chicken meat with sensitivity and limit of detection of 6.59104 and 0.6M, respectively. Low signals were seen in other parts of the mouse body at 24hr after injection, suggesting lower uptake of NGS in other parts of the body. The washed clothes feel bad. %%EOF Besides, PEG-based macroalkoxyamines obtained from terpolymerization of MAA, MePEGMA and a few percent of S were involved in the synthesis of PEG-coated, amphiphilic diblock copolymer latexes.350. 29 30 A two-step nitroxide-mediated surfactant-free emulsion polymerization of styrene was also successfully carried out using KPS and the nitroxide SG1.433 A seed was prepared from polymerization of a small fraction of styrene (1.5%) followed by addition of the remaining amount. In addition to the above several functions, SDBS also can be used as a cotton fabric refining agent and desizing agent in textile. They propose that the CMC is primarily determined by the cohesive energy density, quantified by the Gordon Parameter and the * solvent polarizability parameter. Since melamine causes Au NPs to aggregate and change the color of solution, therefore the energy transfer between the TCPOhydrogen peroxidefluorescein chemiluminescence reaction and Au NPs in the presence of melamine could not occur. This removed water, leaving the vesicles suspended in DES. Since milk is a rich source of nutrients, it is attacked by numerous types of bacteria, such as E. coli, Salmonella, Bacillus, and Listeria. 0000005380 00000 n Table 4. However, there are two disadvantages of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonates, one is poor hard water tolerance and the detergency can be reduced with the hardness of the water. The tumor on each mouse was exposed to 808-nm laser 24hr after injection at laser intensities of 2W/cm2. The SDBS products of IRO Coating Additive Co,.Ltd have passed the ISO9001 quality certification and have been recognized by many clients. This is different from the in vivo biodistribution of SWNTs suggesting two different pathways.78, 79 NGS-PEG-Cy7 levels in the majority of organs decreased over time as expected, which was also found to be consistent with imaging. A flow cytometric analysis of the cells that underwent graphene-mediated hyperthermia revealed a decrease in cell size coupled with the increase in cell granularity suggesting apotosis. They observed not only a micellar phase (L1), but also hexagonal (H1), lamellar (L) and cubic phases (V1), depending on surfactant concentration and temperature in both DES. Used as an anti-blocking agent in the fertilizer industry. 12.1, the general mechanism of most of these methods is that the colloidal solution of Au NPs is a red color (absorbance peak around 523nm), indicating proper dispersion of Au NPs; on aggregation caused by melamine it changes to a blue color (absorbance peak around 640nm) (Kumar et al., 2014). Figure 12.1. All irradiated tumors on mice injected with NGS disappeared 1day after laser irradiation, leaving the original tumor sites as black scars, which fell off about 1week after treatment. This technique was based on the inner effect of Au NPs on a bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO)hydrogen peroxidefluorescein system, which led to a significant decrease in the chemiluminescence signal. This was attributed to the higher solubility of surfactant counterions in ChCl:Gly compared to ChCl:U, as a result of the extensive glycerol network. Highly efficient loading of doxorubicin by -stacking on the graphitic shell create FeCo/GC-DOX complexes that enable pH-sensitive release. AD, Anionic detergents; Ag NPs, silver nanoparticles; AP, amylopectin; Au NPs, gold nanoparticles; -CD, -cyclodextrin; BMT, bumetanide; CNF, carbon nanofiber; CNT, carbon nanotube; CTD, chlortalidone; CV, cyclic voltammetry; DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry; ESP, electrospinning; FFN, fenfluramine; GCE, glassy carbon electrode; GND, graphitized nanodiamond; GNPlt, graphene nanoplatelets; GO, graphene oxide; Gr, graphene; Gtip, graphene tip; HCT, hydrochlorothiazide; HPCE, high-performance capillary electrophoresis; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IDP, indapamide; iEESI-MS, internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; IONPs, iron oxide nanoparticles; LSV, linear sweep voltammetry; MS, mass spectrometry; MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotube; N, nitrogen doped; NF, Nafion; NFs, nanofibers; PA6, polyamide 6; PAMAM, polyamidoamine; PDA, polydopamine; PHPH, phenolphthalein; p-NA, p-nitroaniline; PPy, polypyrrole; PtNPs, platinum nanoparticles; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; SDBS, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate; SPCE, screen-printed carbon electrode; SPE, solid-phase extraction; SWCNT, single wall carbon nanotube; RSP, reserpine; SBN, sibutramine; UPLC, ultraperformance liquid chromatography; VST, valsartan; ZnO NPs, zinc oxide nanoparticles. It was found that reducing nano-GO resulted in a significant 6.8-fold increase in the NIR absorption at 808nm. A case study was performed on E. coli and a threshold of 5log CFU/mL bacteria was reported. Control experiments suggested that the majority of dye was covalently conjugated to NGS-PEG via the formation of an amide bond instead of physical absorption by -stacking.77 In vivo fluorescence imaging was investigated to reveal high tumor uptake of NGS in several xenograft tumor mouse models. Rengstl et al. startxref SDBS is micro toxicity. Tumor uptake of NGS-PEG-Cy7 was studied by intravenously injecting NGS-PEG-Cy7 in tumor-bearing mice and spectrally imaged using a fluorescence imaging system. 0000050448 00000 n Luqin Sun, Pengfei Li, in Food Research International, 2020. Figure15.10. Chemical cleaning processes for membranes are effective methods for regaining membrane performance. 0000007895 00000 n The RAD peptide was used as a negative control. 32 0 obj<>stream IRO sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate products also have a competitive price. FeCo/graphitic carbon shell (FeCo/GC) nanocrystals (c.45nm in diameter) with ultrahigh magnetization are a new nanoparticle that could be used as multifunctional biocompatible materials.80 Ultra-small multifunctional FeCo/GC nanocrystals have been used as molecular transporters and photothermally deliver the drug doxorubicin to breast cancer cells. Table 12.1 provides an overview of the types of nanomaterials used in nanosensors for the detection of adulterants in the food industry. However, particle size distributions were rather broad with average diameters in the 260660nm range, depending on the initial concentration of surfactant. Alkyltrimethylammonium halides are more soluble in ChCl:Gly than ChCl:U, with CACs 10 times higher in ChCl:Gly than in water (Pal et al., 2015). However, the NGS-PEG-Cy7 signals in the reticuloendothelial system, including liver and spleen, were low. The long genomic DNA fragments adsorbed on Au NPs, which were stabilized against salt-induced aggregation. Graphene could potentially outperform carbon nanotubes as all the bonds are sp2 carbon bonds in graphene, giving it strong phonon coupling and potentially high heat generation for photothermal systems. (2017), TAB)) were only sparingly soluble and anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and. Moreover, Triton X-100 can modify citrate-capped Au NPs to stabilize Au NPs under conditions of high ionic strength and wide pH range. Furthermore, graphene as a two-dimensional material could be ideal for attaching proteins and peptides at the edges as well as on the sheet itself and therefore can enable higher drug-carrying capacity than nanotubes. A PS-b-PnBA-b-PS triblock copolymer latex was also obtained by sequential polymerization of nBA and S from a SG1-PnBA-SG1 seed. (b) 100% survival for the graphene-PEG+laser group over 40days. Highly stable suspensions can be created through successful PEGylation in physiological solutions with high salt contents.77 The amino groups at the PEG terminals could be used for bioconjugation and fluorescent labeling. 0000000016 00000 n Phase diagram of hexadecylpyridinium bromide in ChCl:Gly. Optimized concentration of nitroxide in the polymerization loci431 while preventing thermal initiation in monomer droplets was achieved by the use of a combination of TEMPO and 4-stearoyl-TEMPO that exhibit different water solubility.432 The polymerization of styrene at 135C with sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate as a surfactant yielded coagulum-free stable latex (Dz=45nm) with excellent control/livingness. All successful results with molecular alkoxyamines concerned seeded systems in which the complex nucleation step is circumvented. Au NP sensors can be changed depending on the measured analytes and other parameters such as size and shape. Nicolas et al.437 reported the synthesis of a novel difunctional, water-soluble alkoxyamine based on SG1 (DIAMA-Na, 73) that permitted to both narrow the particle size distribution and to gain access to ABA triblock copolymer latexes. It brings little influence to the environment. 0000003246 00000 n This lack of counterions may be due to competition between interaction of choline with the surfactant and its place in the H-bond network of the solvent itself. It was found that the result of covalent PEGylation broke the GO sheets into much smaller nano-GO pieces averaging 20nm in diameter. It is irritant to the skin when washing by hand. |, Three Main Functions of Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate, three main functions of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate. xref Therefore, static electricity can be eliminated in time to reduce the danger and inconvenience caused by static electricity. In vivo photothermal therapy using graphenepolyethylene glycol (PEG) assemblies. CMCs were also measured by Tan et al. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. In fact, this is why Au NPs are used as sensitive sensors (El-Nour, Salam, Soliman, & Orabi, 2017). who demonstrated spontaneous vesicle formation by a number of lipids in ChCl:U (Bryant et al., 2016). Similar discussions have shown that an AEM can be damaged in high alkaline solution (Vega, Chartier, & Mustain, 2010). Used as resin dispersant, felt detergent and deinking agent in the papermaking industry. Critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of amphiphiles in DES and DES/water mixtures. 0000004032 00000 n As shown in Fig. This is probably due to free DES ions shielding electrostatic repulsion between SDS molecules, facilitating aggregation at lower concentrations, as expected in the presence of salt. It is used in detergent has a branched chain structure (ABS) and linear structure (LAS). They also can reduce the interfacial tension and reduce the energy required to form the emulsion, so as to improve the energy of the emulsion. 0000005992 00000 n For ChCl:U, the Gordon parameter is lower than that of water, but higher than many other solvents which facilitate micellisation, and the polarizability parameter is higher than that of water, thus driving micellisation and leading to a lower CMC. Latex particles are then obtained via a complex nucleation mechanism where the polymerization takes place in small particles supplied with monomer via its diffusion through the aqueous phase from the large droplets. As with SDS in ChCl:U, this was attributed to a reduction in headgroup screening, and thus a smaller packing parameter after water addition. The detection limit of Triton X-100-Au NPs can be 5.1nM by UVVis spectroscopy and 1.0M by the naked eyes. Characterization studies showed that while SDS micelles in water are spherical, in ChCl:U they are cylindrical, with a similar radius (14.71.9) but a length that increased with increasing SDS concentration up to 26812 at 17mM. No tumor regrowth was noted even after 40days in the in vivo photothermal therapy group. Table 12.1. It was suggested that the photothermally enhanced toxicity of FeCo/ GC-DOX was likely due to the synergistic effects of increased cellular uptake of FeCo/GC-DOX at 43C and an increase in DOX toxicity at elevated temperatures. 0000009665 00000 n Table 4 shows the criticial aggregation concentrations (CAC) for a range of surfactants in various DES with different water contents. The increase was directly related to the degree of conjugation in GO. The final particle diameters were less than 100nm and exhibited a spectacularly narrow particle size distribution. The GO sheets were then reduced by adding hydrazine monohydrate into the solution and heating to 80C for 15min. It is difficult to volatilize, but it easy to dissolve in water and become a subtransparent solution. In a study of Mondor, Ippersiel, Lamarche, and Masse (2009), the negative effects of the cleaning agents NaOH and HCl on IEM properties have been discussed, particularly regarding AEMs, as CEM performance is completely recovered after cleaning. It has micro toxicity and has been recognized by the international security organization as a safe chemical raw material. In contrast to the above anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants appear to have higher CMCs in DES compared to water. Iva Manasi, Karen J. Edler, in Advances in Botanical Research, 2021. Phase behaviours of a cationic surfactant in deep eutectic solvents: From micelles to lyotropic liquid crystals. Interestingly, the kidney showed strong fluorescence even at 24hr after injection, suggesting renal excretion of NGS. Alkylammonium chloride/bromide DES with either glycerol or EG were tested against a range of lipids. 0000006682 00000 n <]>> (a) In vivo tumor volumes for different groups as a function of their therapy. By observing the changes in electron density on the surface, chemically bonded molecules can be detected that result in a shift in the maximum plasmon absorption. However, subsequent work by Edler and co-workers found CMCs for these surfactants that were an order of magnitude smaller, and in fact quite similar to the CMCs in water (Sanchez-Fernandez, Arnold, et al., 2016). First attempts to perform NMP in true emulsion systems were rather unsuccessful and met with limited success due to colloidal instability and/or poor control, mainly assigned to nucleation of the large droplets of monomer and nitroxide partitioning.399, Among TEMPO and TEMPO derivatives under KPS initiation at 130C, only amino-TEMPO led to stable latexes stabilized by SDS with good control/livingness.429 Similarly at 120C, acetoxy-TEMPO also gave satisfying results,430 which also highlighted the strong influence of the partitioning characteristics of the nitroxide over the control/stability in ab initio emulsion NMP. endstream endobj 30 0 obj<. Fast renal clearance of PEG-Cy7 (10kDa) and Cy7 (1kDa) was noted, similar to that of small molecules. Reproduced from Li, Q., Wang, J., Lei, N., Yan, M., Chen, X., & Yue, X. Therefore, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate has been widely used in the preparation of cosmetics, food, printing and dyeing auxiliaries and pesticides. Nano-GO and nano-rGO appeared to show similar levels of toxicity despite the covalent PEGylation of nano-GO versus noncovalent PEGylation of nano-rGO.82, Zahra Mohammadi, Seid Mahdi Jafari, in Handbook of Food Nanotechnology, 2020. Copyright 2009-2022 IRO Coating Additive Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved. Au NPs are also used in the detection of pathogens in food (Garrido-Maestu et al., 2017; Kong et al., 2018; Uusitalo et al., 2017); herein we will only present selected examples from new ones. Measurements made at room temperature unless otherwise specified. SDBS can cause environmental pollution. To reduce the sheet size and make GO stable in buffer solutions, amine-terminated, six-arm branched PEG was covalently linked to the carboxylic acid groups on the GO. Addition of water to this system resulted in more spherical aggregates. (2018). Lee, Hong, Han, Cho, & Moon, 2009) and a poisoning phenomenon by sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) (Kobus & Heertjes, 1972). In vitro photothermal anti-cancer activity of graphene nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes has been compared.81 Polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated graphene sheets exposed to NIR radiation generated more heat than DNA or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate-solubilized SWNTs under the same conditions, suggesting higher thermal generation capacity for functionalized graphene sheets. Biodistribution revealed strong fluorescent signal in the tumor, suggesting high tumor accumulation of NGS. Besides, this simple process allowed 16wt.% solid latexes to be obtained with good colloidal properties and neither coagulum nor destabilization over time (final concentrations of surfactant were as low as 24wt.% with respect to the monomer). Unlike cationic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants formed globular, rather than elongated micelles, indicating that they were less affected by solvent screening and solvent-headgroup interactions. A second load of monomer (either S or nBA) is then added in one shot435 or in a continuous fashion436 in order to target higher solids content by efficient chain extension. The mixture of cells and carbon nanoparticles at concentrations from 2.5 to 10g/ml was exposed to NIR irradiation (808nm, 2W/cm2) for different periods of time (30300s) and the cell viability was determined after 24hr by measuring cell numbers and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity with crystal violet and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. When irradiated with an 808nm laser for 8min at a laser power of 15.3W/cm2 cell viability was lost with the cells incubated with nano-RGO, whereas cells incubated with control solutions without the nano-rGO maintained viability. The authors stated that water is required for vesicle formation, however this was later disproved by Bryant et al. As in water, increasing the tail length of the surfactant caused a decrease in CAC, although not to the same extent, while larger counterions led to lower CACs. 3 (Li et al., 2018). The effect on protein fouling is better than that of the non-ionic surfactant. Addition of water resulted in a transition from elongated to more globular micelles. As well as bulk lipid behavior, one study has examined lipid monolayers at the air-ChCl:Gly interface (McCluskey et al., 2019). By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. This was attributed to there being insufficient choline counterions to shield the sulfate headgroups, thus increasing headgroup area, decreasing packing parameter, and leading to more spherical assemblies (Sanchez-Fernandez, Edler, et al., 2016). Longer alkyl chains resulted in formation of more highly elongated micelles in the DES compared to those for the same surfactant in water. Alternatively, SS can also act as an efficient comonomer for the polymerization of MAA in dimethylsulfoxide solution at 76C.349 The resulting P(MANa-co-SS)-SG1 macroalkoxyamine was shown to be particularly well suited for the ab initio, batch emulsion polymerization of MMA with a small amount of S. Latexes were stable and exhibited small average diameters in the 2943nm range. However, butyl- and pentylammonium DES resulted in a decrease in transition temperature because the DES chain is sufficiently long that it acts as a cosurfactant (Bryant et al., 2017). 0000051300 00000 n The linear structure is easier biodegradation more than 90%. J. Nicolas, B. Charleux, in Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, 2012.