Note that the rate of flow through adjustable valve 54 into tank 50 controls the length of time water flows over the pads. Future works can include research on various agricultural and industrial waste products for preparing green geopolymer materials. 1, with a reduction in temperatures as air flows through the dry section of the heat exchanger 37 and final cooling in the evaporative cooler. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. Heat pipes are characterized by a very low longitudinal resistance to heat flow, and a wide variety of designs are commercially available. Roof ponds as passive heating and cooling systems: A systematic review. interesting to authors, or important in this field. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. An active water desalination system uses sunlight to produce pure salt and water, which will be fed to the turbine for daily consumption. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy and Environment Technology, Guilin, China, 1618 October 2009; pp. ; Sodha, M.S. A Review of Porous Evaporative Cooling for the Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables. In one embodiment of the invention, the ambient air flow and hydraulic pressure are all that is required for the embodiment to operate and all reliance upon electrical energy is eliminated. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. 3 is a cutaway functional view of another embodiment of the invention. Kamal, M.A. Study on the Geopolymer Based on Fly Ash and Slag. ;ASSIGNOR:THOMPSON, TOMMY L.;REEL/FRAME:005275/0650, Free format text: Velasco Gmez, E.; Rey Martnez, F.J.; Varela Diez, F.; Molina Leyva, M.J.; Herrero Martn, R. Description and experimental results of a semi-indirect ceramic evaporative cooler. published in the various research areas of the journal. The heat exchanger tubes permit one surface (the exterior in this case) to be cooled through evaporation and let the primary air (that which is used to cool the building) to be cooled by a second surface (the interior and fins 8 in this example) without raising the moisture content of the primary air stream. Am. Evaporative cooling is the main indoor climatic cooling feature. Gas permeability and mechanical properties of porous alumina ceramics with unidirectionally aligned pores. ; Zhu, J. This cooling strategy will continue at night by using the thermal mass in the chimney, and the upper accommodation area will be evaporatively cooled directly by the air that crosses the ventilation as the skins open [, In another design created by Orlando de Urrutia (Eco-Cybernetic City), a 150-floor building can harness all types of natural sources, including water, wind, and solar energy. ; Shafiq, N.; Qazi, S.A. kvra, F.; Kopeck, L.; Nemecek, J.; Bittnar, Z. Microstructure of geopolymer materials based on fly ash. The mechanism according to claim 18 further including means for exhausting said first portion of ambient air. Kang, D.; Strand, R.K.; Hammann, R.E. Available online: Yoneda, Y. In Proceedings of PLEA 200825th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, Ireland, 2224 October 2008. 5 is a cutaway functional view of a valve which utilizes hydraulic pressure from the water source for timing control. In addition, feasibility and public acceptance studies on passive cooling technologies in different countries can be regarded as an important issue for further research. One of the vital attributes of geopolymer technology is its robust and versatile manufacturing process. Air is cooled by the evaporative cooler pads to point C, or roughly 63 degrees F. A single stage cooler tower of the prior art can produce air at approximately 75 degrees F. The air flow through the tower is proportional to the square root of the difference between the outside and tower temperatures, in the windless case. Dimas, D.D. [, Environmental protection is a top global concern that requires the reduction of energy consumption. Saito, Y.; Hayashi, S.; Yasumori, A.; Okada, K. Effects of calcining conditions of kaolinite on pore structures of mesoporous materials prepared by the selective leaching of calcined kaolinite. Heidarinejad, G.; Bozorgmehr, M.; Delfani, S.; Esmaeelian, J. Theory and applications. Available online: Sou Fujimoto designs nature-inspired towerfor Montpellier modern follies project. This approach enables maximizing the use of natural energy to create comfortable surroundings within a built envelope. Provis, J.L. An e-cooler cools the air by using a system of hollow ceramic tiles filled with water. The heat exchanger tubes have longitudinal internal fins 8 with circumferential fins 9 outside. Maheshwari, G.; Al-Ragom, F.; Suri, R. Energy-saving potential of an indirect evaporative cooler. These towers are used for cooling residences, wind sheltered outdoor areas, and even bus stops, and are found in the southwestern United States and Saudi Arabia. The mechanism according to claim 15 wherein said primary cooling system includes evaporative pads in contact with said heat exchanger. He, J.; Zhang, J.; Yu, Y.; Zhang, G. The strength and microstructure of two geopolymers derived from metakaolin and red mud-fly ash admixture: A comparative study. Experimental investigation of two-stage indirect/direct evaporative cooling system in various climatic conditions. The energy crisis and environmental issues promote investigations on this topic, whereas green prospects in this technology require additional attention. Principles and Application of Evaporative Cooling Systems for Fruits and Vegetables Preservation. The heat exchanger also operates with plain tubes, without fins or extended surfaces. Available online: Hydro House concept. Owner name: A mechanism for cooling ambient air comprising: 2) at least one wind opening for admission of an ambient air flow caused by naturally occurring wind or downdraft to said airflow chamber. Excess water from the pads is collected in small pans under the pads, and discharged by gravity either to waste or used for plant irrigation. The flow of water from tank 50 through outlet orifice 55 is controlled via valve 56. Kumar, A.; Kumar, S. Development of paving blocks from synergistic use of red mud and fly ash using geopolymerization. 21. Sata, V.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; Rattanashotinunt, C. Compressive Strength and Heat Evolution of Concretes Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash. Jain, D. Modeling of solar passive techniques for roof cooling in arid regions. 2) exhausting said second portion of said ambient air flow through said at least one exhaust window. He, P.; Jia, D.; Lin, T.; Wang, M.; Zhou, Y. Tangchirapat, W.; Buranasing, R.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; Chindaprasirt, P. Influence of rice huskbark ash on mechanical properties of concrete containing high amount of recycled aggregates. (FIG. 1b is a end view of the heat exchange tubes of FIG. The tanks continues to drain and the cycle naturally repeats. It is clear from the foregoing that an energy efficient cooling mechanism does not exist that can operate in humid environments. Heat is also rejected from the first stage heat exchanger by evaporation, either in an external cooling tower or using an additional evaporative cooler, depending on the type of heat exchanger used. Okada, K.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Madhusoodana, C. Preparation of lotus-type porous ceramics with high water pump-up ability and its cooling effect by water vapor evaporation. Heat. ; Lorenzen, L. The potential use of geopolymeric materials to immobilise toxic metals: Part I. Effects of metakaolin and silica fume on properties of concrete. Water from water source 16 is selectively deposited over heat exchanger 17 by flow control 13. This invention achieves lower air temperatures than previous natural draft evaporative coolers operating under the same conditions. Theoretically, the dew point temperature of the inlet process air can be achieved using a modified evaporative cooler. In U.S. Pat. Zhan, C.; Duan, Z.; Zhao, X.; Smith, S.; Jin, H.; Riffat, S. Comparative study of the performance of the M-cycle counter-flow and cross-flow heat exchangers for indirect evaporative coolingpaving the path toward sustainable cooling of buildings. 15. Feature Takahashi, H.; Kobayashi, H.; Hinata, H. KAWAPROM ACE pavement block manufactured by recycling fused sewage slag. Experimental study of effect of an inner thermal curtain in evaporative cooling system of a cascade greenhouse. ; Duxson, P. Technical and commercial progress in the adoption of geopolymer cement. The following checklist facilitates the selection of an appropriate design [. Nazari, A.; Riahi, S.; Bagheri, A. An Overview of Passive Cooling Techniques in Buildings: Design, Concepts and Architectural Interventions. ; Pukuma, S.A.; Odo, C.E. b) directing said excess water to a second cooling means. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ; Riffat, S.B. In the absence of wind, gravity dampers 11 are open; the presence of wind causes the winward dampers to open and the leeward dampers to close, directing air into the heat exchanger tubes 17, as indicated by arrows 12B. Performance of porous ceramic evaporators for building cooling application. In traditional evaporative coolers, a group of developments have arisen which attempt to widen the range of evaporative coolers into more humid environs. ; Martinez, F.R. Xie, N.; Bell, J.L. The cooled oil in packed tower 44 absorbs heat from the primary air flow. Effects of high-temperature heat treatment on the mechanical properties of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced geopolymer composites. 2 is psychrometric chart illustrating the cooling capability of the present invention. Okada, K.; Matsui, S.; Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A. Water-retention properties of porous ceramics prepared from mixtures of allophane and vermiculite for materials to counteract heat island effects. 18. 5 is a cutaway view of a valve which utilizes hydraulic pressure from the water source as its timing device. An example of this method is the use of porous jars to help maintain cool temperatures in hot and dry climates worldwide [, Many water-retaining porous ceramics are made from industrial waste products, such as blast furnace slag [, Despite high water retention and good cooling effects because of the excellent capillary lift of water in the porous ceramics (lotus ceramics) developed by Isobe et al. Hybrid system including DEC coupled with of nocturnal radiative cooling, cooling coil. Hajiha, H.; Sain, M. 17The use of sugarcane bagasse fibres as reinforcements in composites. 1) evaporatively cooling said second portion of said ambient air flow from said first cooling means, and. An approach to help achieve this goal is the use of passive and low-energy systems to induce thermal comfort. A design supporting simulation system for predicting and evaluating the cool microclimate creating effect of passive evaporative cooling walls. The mechanism according to claim 9 wherein said at least one wind opening on said tower is substantially at the top of said tower. ;ASSIGNOR:THOMPSON, TOMMY L.;REEL/FRAME:005275/0650, PATENT EXPIRED DUE TO NONPAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEES UNDER 37 CFR 1.362, Air conditioning by evaporative pad means, Parallel air path wet-dry water cooling tower, Combination humidifying and cooling apparatus and method, Bottom vented wet-dry water cooling tower, Compressor-assisted absorption refrigeration system, KYLANORDNING FOER REGLERBAR AOTERKYLNING AV VATTEN MED LUFT OC KYLVATTEN, Opposed air path wet-dry cooling tower and method, Solar energy system for heating and cooling of buildings utilizing moist air cycles, A passive evaporative cooling system by natural ventilation, System of moisture and temperature conditioning air using a solar pond, Air-to-air heat exchanger bypass for wet cooling tower apparatus and method, Greenhouse, greenhouse climate control system and method of controlling greenhouse climate, Cross flow type fog dissipation water-saving cooling tower, Passive downdraught evaporative cooling applied to an auditorium, Power-plant circulating cooling system with hybrid cooler, Convective Transfer of Heat from an Unventilated Greenhouse to the Outside Air, Lapse for failure to pay maintenance fees, Lapsed due to failure to pay maintenance fee, Information on status: patent discontinuation. The mechanism according to claim 11 further including means for exhausting said first portion of ambient air. A review on desiccant based evaporative cooling systems. Passive cooling by evapo-reflective roof for hot dry climates. Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K.; Hotta, Y. Extrusion method using nylon 66 fibers for the preparation of porous alumina ceramics with oriented pores. Operation of the towers depends on the density difference between the tower and outside air. Duxson, P.; Fernndez-Jimnez, A.; Provis, J.L. 1b is a cross sectional view of the heat exchange tube of FIG. FIG. Geopolymer/vermiculite composite. The e-cooler was inspired by two Middle Eastern elements, namely, mashrabiya and jara. Effect of metal contaminants on the formation and properties of waste-based geopolymers. Because of this, the range of cool towers is extremely limited, usually to areas having particularly dry environs. prior to publication. No. You seem to have javascript disabled. Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K.; Hotta, Y. 2. Riffat, S.B. The pre-cooled air, with a reduced wet bulb temperature, is further cooled by evaporation of water in the second stage evaporative cooler. What kind of the cooling materials are available? The dark side of occupants behaviour on building energy use. 17. 1b gives a cross section view of the heat exchangers). No special Once the tank is filled, the float valve closes the line to the pads and the cycle repeats. Novel ideas for passive cooling design using ancient and nature-inspired concepts are also presented to promote green technology for future applications. 1a is a cutaway functional view of an embodiment of the invention that operates without electrical power. Mashrabiya is a traditional architectural element that functions as a mediator between the interior and exterior of a house by admitting air and light, whereas jara is an ancient clay jug that cools water [, Buildings consume a significant portion of total primary energy for cooling. FIG. Sharifi, A.; Yamagata, Y. A suitable design is the initial step to minimize the propagation of climatic stress, and building designs should reflect their surrounding climate to help reduce the dependency on mechanical heating/cooling. The cooler air falls through the tower at a rate which depends on the magnitude of the density difference, the height of the tower, the resistance to air flow provided by the tower and the associated structure, and wind forces on the tower-structure envelope. Heidarinejad, G.; Moshari, S. Novel modeling of an indirect evaporative cooling system with cross-flow configuration. ; Li, Z. Alzeer, M.; MacKenzie, K.D. Unfortunately, in many applications, a ready source of electricity does not exist to power the re-circulating pumps, the blowers and other equipment necessary for two stage coolers to operate. Fabrication of Structural Leucite GlassCeramics from Potassium-Based Geopolymer Precursors. Excess water from heat exchangers 17 is collected and redistributed 15 by a pan at the base of the tubes and piping over evaporative cooler pads 18. ; Zarina, Y. Microstructure of different NaOH molarity of fly ash-based green polymeric cement. Soc. In one embodiment of the invention, the float and tank are placed under the pads and the line refilling the tank is eliminated. Designing water resistant lightweight geopolymers produced from waste materials. Costelloe, B.; Finn, D. Thermal effectiveness characteristics of low approach indirect evaporative cooling systems in buildings. He, J.; Hoyano, A. Bajare, D.; Bumanis, G.; Shakhmenko, G.; Justs, J. Passive down draught evaporative cooling (PDEC). Flow control 13 modulates the water so that heat exchangers 17 stay moistened and therefore are cooled by evaporative cooling. The air is used for cooling and ventilating structures. Available online: Poon, C.S. Rick Phillips, P. Using direct evaporative+ chilled water cooling. Mustafa Al Bakri, A.M.; Kamarudin, H.; Bnhussain, M.; Khairul Nizar, I.; Rafiza, A.R. FIG. ; Calautit, J.K.; Ghani, S.A. For example, to enhance removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, FA will require a certain number of chemical modifications [, Several recent studies have involved the use of MK in synergy with industrial waste materials, such as red mud, rice husk ash (RHA), and FA in geopolymerization [, Another potential waste material that can be used as a raw material is rice husk, which represents the bulk of agricultural residues and is a byproduct of the milling process. ; Van Deventer, J.S.J. A portion of the water evaporates, cooling the air inside the tubes without humidifying it. Application filed by Planetary Design Corp, Assigned to PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, A CORP. OF AZ, PLANETARY DESIGN CORPORATION, A CORP. 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The global demand for energy will increase by 33% between the years 2010 and 2035. 4 also employs the split tower concept, with the oil-water system of U.S. Pat. Such demand will raise energy-related CO, The use of HVAC systems requires calibration with regard to passive cooling strategies because of the high energy consumption of such systems. FIG. "Waste" air stream 31D is usually cool enough to ventilate basements, garages, or other areas where great comfort is not required. The air moves from the lower ground to the upper floor because of the negative pressure created from the thermal chimney. 578581. Fabrication and properties of mullite ceramics with needle-like crystals. Moreover, investigating new or improved designs based on ancient and nature-inspired designs is a promising approach to improve energy efficiency, thermal comfort, and living conditions. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. A certain amount of water is permitted to go to waste so that scaling does not occur. 1a. The development of commercial wind towers for natural ventilation: A review. What is the wind condition in the area where the cooling is needed? Water and oil are pumped over packing in the heat rejecting section 45. ; Newell, T.A. This approach addresses the problem of Legionella growth within the airflow supply; however, its efficiency is lower than that of a direct system [, In a modified evaporative cooler, air can be cooled to a temperature lower than that achieved via indirect or direct evaporative coolers without altering the humidity of the air. Rafique, M.M. Katsuki, H.; Takagi, H.; Matsuda, O. Warmed oil is caught in pans 46B from packed tower 44 and is re-circulated to packed tower 45 to repeat the cycle. Utilizing air flow 41A, heat is transferred from the oil to the water, which evaporates into the waste air stream 48C. The rate of flow into the tank controls the length of time water flows over the pads. Experimental study of cooling effects of a passive evaporative cooling wall constructed of porous ceramics with high water soaking-up ability. Air movement (velocity) influences the performance of an evaporative cooling system. Comfort ventilation, nighttime ventilation, radiant cooling, evaporative cooling, and soil cooling are examples of passive cooling techniques [, Evaporative cooling is the process by which air temperature is reduced through the evaporation of water within an airstream. Feature Papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly Isobe, T.; Kameshima, Y.; Nakajima, A.; Okada, K. Preparation and properties of porous alumina ceramics with uni-directionally oriented pores by extrusion method using a plastic substance as a pore former. The cooling tower according to claim 3 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. Advances in the application of passive down-draft evaporative cooling technology in the cooling of buildings. As indicated by arrow 31E, air from heat exchanger 37 flows over the evaporative cooling pads 18 and generates cooled air flow 31F. A second cooling step is performed by cooler pads 18 providing a greatly enhanced cooling system. Bowman, N.; Eppel, H.; Lomas, K.; Robinson, D.; Cook, M. Passive downdraught evaporative cooling. Float valve 52 is used to control the flow of water over the evaporative cooler pads 53A and 53B (not shown) which are described in FIGS. The mechanism according to claim 9 wherein said heat exchanger includes at least two pipes for conduction of said second portion of said ambient air flow. ; Gandhidasan, P.; Rehman, S.; Al-Hadhrami, L.M.