The testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels of prostates in the AST-treated groups were lower than those in the BPH model control group, and a significant decline was found in the T level of prostates in the 40 g/kg and 80 mg/kg AST-treated rats and the DHT level of prostates in the 40 mg/kg AST-treated rats. This study reports that the supplement, Xanthigen, which contains 300 mg pomegranate seed oil and 300 mg brown marine algae fucoxanthin significantly increased weight loss and reduced body and liver fats content in obese women treated for 16 weeks [48]. Among marine carotenoids, attention has been paid towards fucoxanthin in recent years, that is actually used for the treatment of methabolic syndrome and obesity [43], two important risk factors of CVD. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of prostates increased in all the AST-treated rats with a significant increase in the 40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg AST-treated rats. This increased oxidative stress causes damage to the heart cells, with subsequent cell apoptosis or calcification. The aim of this Special Issue on Fucoxanthin and AstaxanthinProduction, Biofunction, and Application is to present advances in the research of marine fucoxanthin and astaxanthin. Woo MN, Jeon SM, Shin YC, Lee MK, Kang MA, Choi MS. Anti-obese property of fucoxanthin is partly mediated by altering lipid-regulating enzymes and uncoupling proteins of visceral adipose tissue in mice. The proliferation characteristics of epithelia observed in the BPH model control group were gradually alleviated in the AST-treated rats. Marjorie Caroline Liberato Cavalcanti Freire, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Fucoxanthin and AstaxanthinProduction, Biofunction, and Application, Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals, Astaxanthin: A Potential Therapeutic Agent, Monocaprin Enhances Bioavailability of Fucoxanthin in Diabetic/Obese KK-, Improved Productivity of Astaxanthin from Photosensitive, Fucoxanthin Pretreatment Ameliorates Visible Light-Induced Phagocytosis Disruption of RPE Cells under a Lipid-Rich Environment via the Nrf2 Pathway, Inhibitory Effect of Astaxanthin on Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats, A Method of Solubilizing and Concentrating Astaxanthin and Other Carotenoids, Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses Provide Novel Insights into Glucose-Induced Trophic Transition of the Marine Diatom, Distribution of the Water-Soluble Astaxanthin Binding Carotenoprotein (AstaP) in Scenedesmaceae, Protective Effects of Fucoxanthin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Calcification of Heart Valve Interstitial Cells, Fucoxanthin Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis via Modulation of MAP Kinase and Nrf2 Signaling, The Critical Studies of Fucoxanthin Research Trends from 1928 to June 2021: A Bibliometric Review, Astaxanthin Delivery Systems for Skin Application: A Review. 1Cardiology Unit, San Camillo de Lellis Hospital, via Isonzo, Manfredonia, Foggia, 71043, Italy, 2Human Nutrition, Department of Biomedical Science, via Dei vestini, University G. DAnnunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mail: ti.hcinu@oizarodn, 3Department of Human Movement Sciences, via Dei Vestini, University G. DAnnunzio, Chieti, 66013, Italy; E-Mails: ti.hcinu@illehcsehcnarf.s (S.F. Microvascular responses to cardiovascular risk factors. The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves In particular, SODs, catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) are endogenous natural antioxidants present within human cells. Yuan JP, Peng J, Yin K, Wang JH. Animals were divided into three groups: (1) kaolin group, which was given a normal diet [5% (w/w) kaolin, a non-nutrient material]; (2) Wakame (Undaria Pinnatifida) group [normal diet containing 5% (w/w) Wakame powder]; and (3) cellulose group [normal diet containing 5% (w/w) cellulose]. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. several techniques or approaches, or a comprehensive review paper with concise and precise updates on the latest [26] demonstrated a significant inhibition of LDL-C oxidation in 24 healthy volunteers who took doses of astaxanthin (1.8, 3.6, 14.4 and 21.6 mg/day for 2 weeks). Specifically, CVD are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a compromised endogenous anti-oxidant defense system. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Intracellular signaling pathway analysis revealed that FX specifically decreased the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase, and increased the nuclear translocation of phosphonuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). However, reports on its ocular benefits are still limited. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. Ikeda K, Kitamura A, Machida H, Watanabe M, Negishi H, Hiraoka J, Nakano T. Effect of. The potential beneficial effects of marine carotenoids have been studied particularly in astaxanthin and fucoxanthin as they are the major marine carotenoids. Vascular NAD(P)H oxidase activation in diabetes: A double-edged sword in redox signalling. There were no adverse effects reported. To facilitate fucoxanthin applications in the food industry, it is important to improve its low bioavailability. paper provides an outlook on future directions of research or possible applications. There are two class types of carotenoids based on their chemical composition: carotenes and xanthopylls [15]. Astaxanthin has been attributed with extraordinary potential for protecting the organism against a wide range of diseases, and has considerable potential and promising applications in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, such as cancers, chronic inflammatory diseases, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, CVD, gastrointestinal and liver diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases [18]. A published study reports that fucoxanthin affects multiple enzymes involved in fat metabolism causing an increase in the production of energy from fat [37]. Atherothrombotic disease is the consequence of conventional risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes, and obesity. Gaziano JM, Manson JE, Branch LG, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Buring JE. Feature Unfortunately, its poor solubility in water, chemical instability, and low oral bioavailability make its applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical field a major challenge for the development of new products. Thrombosis is a major complication of coronary atherosclerosis that can lead to myocardial infarction. Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Studies conducted in healthy human volunteers have found significant reductions in oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia and inflammatory markers after astaxanthin oral supplementation. Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-Cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan. Astaxanthin has undergone investigation in a large number of experimental studies related to the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems. Fucoxanthin is a xanthophyll whose distinct structure includes an unusual allenic bond, epoxide group and conjugated carbonyl group in polyene chain [33] with antioxidant properties [34]. Several animal models suggest that when endogenous anti-oxidant systems are overwhelmed, exogenous antioxidant supplementation can be used for preventive and/or therapeutic intervention of oxidative cardiovascular disorders [9]. Experiments on stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) show the possible protective role of fucoxanthin in CVD. Wakame did not attenuate the development of hypertension in SHRSP [38]. In this work, the ameliorative effect of fucoxanthin on visible light and lipid peroxidation-induced phagocytosis disruption in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells was investigated in vitro. Careers. Overall findings and difference by age for 316,099 white man. Cardioprotection and myocardial salvage by a disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivative (Cardax). Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. ), fungi (red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma), complex plants, seafood, and some birds such as flamingos and quail; it is reddish-coloured, and gives salmon, shrimp and lobster their distinctive colouration [17]. Recent Pat. Oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) play an important role in the initiation and progression of the atherosclerotic process, a continuum pathophysiological process that includes oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory process, and vascular remodelling [5]. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. A combination of these distinct properties is very rarely found among naturally occurring food-derived compounds [35,36]. Even Yoshida et al. Astaxanthin: A novel potential treatment for oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiovascular disease. It appears that fucoxanthin is capable of upregulating glucose transporter, mRNA expression of L6 myotubes which are responsible for glucose transport in adult muscle tissue [47]. Fassett RG, Healy H, Driver R, Robertson IK, Geraghty DP, Sharman JE, Coombes JS. These may lead to large interventional trials assessing CV morbidity and mortality. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. Fucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid found in brown seaweeds and several microalgae. Novel risk factors include highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and other markers of inflammation, homocysteine, and lipoprotein (a) [2]. Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). 8600 Rockville Pike Lockwood SF, Gross GJ. Although its use in human clinical studies has been limited, so far no safety concerns have arisen [53]. Photooxidative stress-inducible water-soluble astaxanthin-binding proteins, designated as AstaP, were identified in two Scenedesmaceae strains. Except for the sham operation, BPH model rats were randomly assigned to five groups: the BPH model control rats, AST-treated BPH model rats (20 mg/kg, 40. Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Cicero AF, Rovati LC, Setnikar I. Eulipidemic effects of berberine administered alone or in combination with other natural cholesterol-lowering agents. Papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and undergo peer review The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). No special Comp. Inflamm. Granger DN, Rodrigues SF, Yildirim A, Senchenkova EY. The search was made in databases without time restriction, using keywords such as astaxanthin, delivery systems, skin, cosmetic, topical, and dermal. The new PMC design is here! The aim of this short review is to examine the published studies concerning the use of the two marine carotenoids, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. To facilitate fucoxanthin applications in the food industry, it is important to improve its low bioavailability. Fucoxanthin is a major carotenoid in brown macroalgae and diatoms that possesses a broad spectrum of health benefits. Beneficial effects of. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Physiol. Maeda H, Tsukui T, Sashima T, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K. Seaweed carotenoid, fucoxanthin, as a multi-functional nutrient. [32] demonstrated in a randomized, placebo-controlled human study (61 non-obese subjects aged 2065 years) that astaxanthin consumption (0, 6, 12, 18 mg/day for 12 weeks) ameliorates TG and HDL-C in correlation with increased adiponectin in humans. However, its underlying regulatory mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. Therefore, FX is a potential therapeutic agent for osteoclast-related skeletal disorders including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In conclusion, these results suggest that fucoxanthin supplementation might be beneficial to the prevention of visible light-induced retinal injury. This review evaluated the research trends of the fucoxanthin field from 1928 to June 2021 using the bibliometric method. Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid which contains two additional oxygenated groups on each ring structure compared with other carotenoids, resulting in enhanced antioxidant properties, approved in the 1999 as a dietary supplement by Food and Drug Amninistration. There have been human clinical studies using astaxanthin to assess its safety, bioavailability and clinical aspects relevant to oxidative stress and inflammation in CVS. Dietary interventions should be the initial step in the treatment of CVD. Therefore, it has considerable potential and broad application prospects in human health and animal nutrition. Available forms of astaxanthin are represented by natural forms on an industrial scale of production [20,21]. However, its underlying regulatory mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis remain unclear. Recently, the health benefits of marine carotenoids such as fucoxanthin and astaxanthin have received great attention, with many papers being published on the topic. Jeon SM, Kim HJ, Woo MN, Lee MK, Shin YC, Park YB, Choi MS. Fucoxanthin-rich seaweed extract suppresses body weight gain and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat-fed C57BL/6J mice. Xanthophyll carotenoids such as astaxanthin and canthaxanthin have antioxidant activity, are free radical scavengers, potent quenchers of ROS and nitrogen oxygen species (NOS), and chain-breaking antioxidants. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (, marine carotenoids, astaxanthin, fucoxantin, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, free radicals, oxidized LDL. Marine carotenoids are important bioactive compounds with physiological activities related to prevention of degenerative diseases found principally in plants, with potential antioxidant biological properties deriving from their chemical structure and interaction with biological membranes. Rasmussen HH, Hamilton EJ, Liu CC, Figtree GA. Reversible oxidative modification: Implications for cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Carotenoids with a C40 skeleton. Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K. Dietary combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue and decreases blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. Numerous studies indicate that increased oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of CVD. FOIA Natural astaxanthin helps reduce the negative effects caused by oxidative stress and other related factors, thereby minimizing oxidative damage. Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: Therapeutic implications. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the pathophysiology of many chronic diseases including CVD [52]. Current dietary guidelines to combat chronic diseases, including cancer and CHD, recommend increased intake of plant foods, including fruits and vegetables, which are rich sources of antioxidants [11]. Rat heart valve interstitial cells under H, Fucoxanthin (FX), a natural carotenoid present in edible brown seaweed, is known for its therapeutic potential in various diseases, including bone disease. Hosokawa M, Miyashita T, Nishikawa S, Emi S, Tsukui T, Beppu F, Okada T, Miyashita K. Fucoxanthin regulates adipocytokine mRNA expression in white adipose tissue of diabetic/obese KK-Ay mice. They are substances with very special and remarkable properties that no other groups of substances possess and that form the basis of their many, varied functions and actions in all kinds of living organisms. [30] in a 12-week randomized double-blind study involving 40 healthy non-smoking Finnish males assessed a significant plasma reduction levels of 12- and 15-hydroxy fatty acids in those taking astaxanthin (8 mg/day) suggesting an important reduced fatty acid oxidation due to astaxanthin. Oxidative stress is tightly regulated by a balance between production and removal of ROS [6], which are natural by-products of metabolism with important roles in cell signaling. Currently, heart valve damage or heart valve diseases are treated by drugs or surgery. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. The difference, however is that fucoxanthin acts as an antioxidant under anoxic conditions whereas other carotenoids have practically no quenching abilities. The present findings unraveled that the fucoxanthin field has grown quickly in recent years with a total of 2080 publications. Both these carotenoids show strong antioxidant activity which is attributed to quenching singlet oxygen and scavenging free radicals (FRs) [16]. The site is secure. The disodium disuccinate astaxanthin (DDA), a synthetic form of astaxanthin, overcame the limitations of caroteniods related to their poor aqueous solubility and enabled investigation of this agent in the animal models of myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion using both intravenous and oral routes of administration [22]. This molecule is under study for possible application in the fight against overweight and obesity since it promotes the reduction of abdominal fat. ); ti.hcinu@aznareps.l (L.S.). Ernst H. Recent advances in industrial carotenoid synthesis. prior to publication. Abidov M, Ramazanov Z, Seifulla R, Grachev S. The effects of Xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat. Yoshida H, Yanai H, Ito K, Tomono Y, Koikeda T, Tsukahara H, Tada N. Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. Plasma appearance of unesterified astaxanthin geometrical E/Z and optical R/S isomers in men given single doses of a mixture of optical 3 and 3R/S isomers of astaxanthin fatty acyl diesters.
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